2023-2024 Tax Brackets and Federal Income Tax Rates (2024)

Source: IRS

What Is a Marginal Tax Rate?

The United States uses a progressive tax system, meaning that it uses a marginal tax rate to determine taxes owed. A marginal tax rate determines the tax paid on an additional dollar of income that takes a taxpayer into a higher tax bracket.

The marginal tax rate increases as a taxpayer’s income increases. There are different tax rates for various levels of income. In other words, taxpayers will pay the lowest tax rate on the first “bracket” or level of taxable income, a higher rate on the next level, and so on.

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) announces any changes to tax brackets and rates annually. For tax years 2023 and 2024, there are seven federal tax brackets. Each is assigned a different rate, ranging from 10% to 37%, and a range of taxable income per bracket. The dollar ranges in each bracket varyfor single filers, married joint filers (and qualifying widow[er]s), married filing separately filers, and head of household filers.

When determining which tax bracket to use, a taxpayer should first calculate their taxable income, including earned and investment income minus adjustments and deductions.

How Income Tax Brackets Work

Most taxpayers—all except those who fall squarely into only the minimum bracket—have income that is taxed progressively. This means that their income is subject to multiple rates beyond the nominal rate of their tax bracket.

For example, an annual income of $100,000 fits the 22% tax bracket for all filing statuses in tax year 2024. However, the entire $100,000 isn't taxed at 22%. It's taxed at the different rates aligned with the various brackets of income that cover the segments of income up to $100,000. So, ultimately a taxpayer pays less than they would if their total income were taxed at 22%.

Thus, a taxpayer’s tax bracket does not necessarily reflect the percentage of their income that they will pay in taxes. The term for this is the effective tax rate. (See an example of this in the next section.)

There are numerous online sources to find your specific federal income tax bracket. The IRS makes available a variety of information, including annual tax tables that provide highly detailed tax filing statuses in increments of $50 of taxable income up to $100,000.

Other websites provide tax bracket calculators that do the math for you, as long as you know your filing status and taxable income. Your tax bracket can shift from year to year, depending on inflation adjustments and changes in your income and status, so it’s worth checking on an annual basis.

Example: How to Calculate Your Taxes

Here's the tax responsibility and the effective tax rate for a single filer with a taxable income of $50,000 in 2023:

• The first $11,000 is taxed at 10%: $11,000 × 0.10 = $1,100.00
• The next $11,001 to $44,725, or $33,724, is taxed at 12%: $33,724 × 0.12 = $4,046.88
• Finally, the remaining $5,276 (what’s left of the $50,000 income) is taxed at 22%: $5,276 × 0.22 = $1,160.72

Add the taxes owed in each of the brackets:

• Total taxes: $1,100.00 + $4,046.88 + $1,160.72 = $6,307.60

The individual’s effective tax rate is approximately 13% of income:

• Divide total taxes by annual earnings: $6,307.60 ÷ $50,000 = 0.13
• Multiply 0.13 by 100 to convert to a percentage, which is 13%.

How to Reduce Your Taxes

There are numerous ways to reduce your taxable income. For starters, you can contribute the maximum to a retirement account at work, such as a401(k), and/or contribute to atraditional individual retirement account (IRA). If you have the option of ahigh-deductible health insurance planat work and you open a health savings account (HSA), HSA contributions made by payroll deduction are excluded from your taxable income. Aflexible spending account (FSA)can also help to reduce your taxable income.

Be sure to take advantage of tax credits you are eligible for, too. Tax credits come directly off the amount you owe in taxes to the IRS—what's known as a dollar-for-dollar perk. Examples of tax credits include the Child Tax Credit, the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), theAmerican Opportunity Tax Credit, the Lifetime Learning Credit (LLC), and the Saver's Credit.

If you have investments, you can also lower your taxes on investment gains if you hold your stocks or other capital assets for more than a year before you sell them, thereby turning any gains into long-term gains. These are taxed at a lower rate than short-term capital gains, which are taxed at ordinary income rates when the assets sold have been held for a year or less. When you sell securities at a loss, you can also use tax-loss harvesting to offset a capital gains tax liability.

Pros and Cons of Tax Brackets

Tax brackets—and the progressive tax system that they create—contrast with a flat tax structure, in which all individuals are taxed at the same rate, regardless of their income levels.

Positives

Proponents of tax brackets and progressive tax systems contend that individuals with high incomes are better able to pay income taxes while maintaining a relatively high standard of living. In contrast, low-income individuals who struggle to meet their basic needs should be subject to less taxation.

Proponents stress that it is only fair that wealthy taxpayers pay more in taxes than the poor and the middle class, offsetting the inequality of income distribution. That makes theprogressive taxation system progressive in both senses of the word: It rises in stages, and it is designed with help for lower-income taxpayers in mind.

Supporters maintain that this system can generate higher revenues for governments and still be fair by letting taxpayers lower their tax bill through adjustments, such as tax deductions or tax credits for outlays such as charitable contributions.

The higher income that taxpayers realize can then be funneled back into the economy. Furthermore, tax brackets have an automatic stabilizing effect on an individual’s after-tax income, as a decrease in funds is counteracted by a decrease in the tax rate, leaving the individual with a less substantial decrease.

Negatives

Opponents of tax brackets and progressive tax schedules argue that everyone is equal under the law regardless of income or economic status and that there should be no discrimination between rich and poor.

They also point out that progressive taxation can lead to a substantial discrepancy between the amount of tax that wealthy people pay and the amount of government representation that they receive. Some even point out that citizens get only one vote per person regardless of the personal or even national percentage of tax that they pay.

Opponents also claim that higher taxation at higher income levels leads some wealthier individuals to exploit tax law loopholes to find creative ways to shelter earnings and assets. They can actually end up paying less in taxes than the less well-off, depriving the government of revenue. For example, some American companies have relocated their headquarters abroad to avoid or reduce their U.S. corporate taxes.

History of Federal Tax Brackets

Tax brackets have existed in the U.S. tax code since the inception of the very first income tax, when the Union government passed the Revenue Act of 1861 to help fund its war against the Confederacy. A second revenue act in 1862 established the first two tax brackets: 3% for annual incomes from $600 to $10,000, and 5% on incomes above $10,000. The original four filing statuses were single, married filing jointly, married filing separately, and head of household, though rates were the same regardless of tax status.

In 1872, Congress rescinded the income tax. It didn’t reappear until the ratification of the 16th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1913 established Congress’ right to levy a federal income tax. That same year, Congress enacted a 1% income tax for individuals earning more than $3,000 a year and couples earning more than $4,000, with a graduated surtax of 1% to 7% on incomes from $20,000 and up.

Over the years, the number of tax brackets has fluctuated. When the federal income tax began in 1913, there were seven tax brackets. In 1918, the number mushroomed to 56 brackets, ranging from 6% to 77%. In 1944, the top rate hit 91%. But it was brought back down to 70% in 1964 by then-President Lyndon B. Johnson. In 1981, then-President Ronald Reagan initially brought the top rate down to 50%.

Then, in the Tax Reform Act of 1986, brackets were simplified, and the rates were reduced so that, in 1988, there were only two brackets: 15% and 28%. This system lasted only until 1991,when the third bracket of 31% was added.Since then, additional brackets have been implemented, and we have come full circle and are back to seven brackets.

State Tax Brackets

Some states have no income tax: Alaska, Florida, Nevada, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming. New Hampshire doesn’t tax earned wages, but it does taxinvestment incomeand interest. However, it is set to phase out those taxes starting in 2023, bringing the number of states with no income tax to nine by the end of 2024.

In 2023, 11 states had a flat rate structure, with a single rate applying to a resident’s income: Arizona (2.5%), Colorado (4.40%), Idaho (5.8%), Illinois (4.95%), Indiana (3.15%), Kentucky (4.5%), Massachusetts (5.0%), Michigan (4.25%), North Carolina (4.75%),Pennsylvania (3.07%), and Utah (4.85%).

In other states, the number of tax brackets varies from three to as many as nine (in California and New York) and even 12 (in Hawaii). The marginal tax rates in these brackets also vary considerably. California has the highest, maxing out at 12.3%.

State income tax regulations may or may not mirror federal rules. For example, some states allow residents to use the federal personal exemption and standard deduction amounts for figuring state income tax. In contrast, others have their own exemption and standard deduction amounts.

The Bottom Line

The federal tax system in the U.S. is progressive. Taxpayers who fall into lower brackets pay lower rates than taxpayers in higher brackets. In 2023 and 2024, there are seven federal tax brackets, with rates ranging from 10% to 37%.

Unless your taxable income lands you in the lowest tax bracket, you are charged at multiple rates as your income rises. Your entire income is not subject to the rate of the bracket classified for your total income level.